• Nicholas Gruen

02 February 2006Taxing and spending, if it’s done carefully, is no bad thing, writes Nicholas Gruen




YOU’D think that cutting top marginal rates would have stronger political opponents than John Howard and Peter Costello. But the ‘cut top rates’ bandwagon just keeps rolling - even though each dollar spent cutting taxes for the three per cent earning over $125,000 a year can’t be used to raise thresholds and so lower tax for the rest.
Now a bandwagon is starting up against ‘fiscal churn’ - that’s when you pay tax only to get it back as ‘government transfers’ - like family payments. Consider the Joneses. They’re a couple with one breadwinner earning around $48,000 with two kids. They pay around $11,000 in tax and then receive about the same amount back in family payments and childcare subsidies.



The right leaning Centre for Independent Studies (CIS) is on a crusade against churn. ALP Senator Chris Evans has joined in, claiming that churn creates ‘enormous’ costs ‘for absolutely no economic gain’.



It sure sounds silly. But there’s method in the madness. Our tax system raises revenue according to individuals’ capacity to pay. Our family payments system focuses on need and assists people according to their household income and the number of dependents.



Tax churning is the logical result of each system doing its job tolerably well. We could reduce churn by canceling the Joneses’ family payments and distributing the proceeds as general tax cuts. But we’d lose the targeting, making the Joneses much worse off. In funding general tax cuts, their family payments would in effect be shared with singles and the wealthy.



What’s not being shouted from the megaphones of the anti-churn bandwagon is that our family payments system has been incredibly well targeted on relieving poverty and helping families.



Remember Bob Hawke’s infamous claim that ‘no child will live in poverty’? What a pity he didn’t read from the supporting documentation which said correctly that ‘no child need live in poverty’. As pre-tax incomes became more unequal in the following years, family payments saved thousands of families and their kids from poverty and hardship. They still do.



As in other countries, a lot of our family payments go to the middle class. But that’s overwhelmingly when they’re raising children - a good time for a helping hand. Why are we helping much wealthier families than the Joneses? Think about it: withdraw family payments too sharply as family incomes rise undermines families’ incentive to earn more.



On the other hand we should exclude the rich. We don’t do it perfectly. But as an Australian at the OECD, Peter Whiteford, demonstrated recently, we’re way ahead of our peers.



Using 1998-99 data Whiteford showed that Australia had the least churn of any OECD country. In most OECD countries the richest fifth of households got their hands on more than a half the benefits the poorest fifth did. In the second best performer, New Zealand, the rich got a fifth as much. In Australia the figure was less than a twelfth.



Though we spent less than the OECD average on welfare benefits (which keeps our taxes below OECD averages), our own targeting was so tight that we redistributed more to the poor than any other OECD country. And disposable income for Australian families with children on social assistance was amongst the highest in the OECD.



Still the concern about churning does raise legitimate issues.



The CIS wants to reduce churn by extending self-provision - for education, health, and unemployment and other hardship. We’ve begun doing so by forcing people to make superannuation contributions. That will lower churn by reducing people’s future dependence on pensions. We should do more, but the CIS underestimates the difficulties in replicating the targeting of our existing system - and the bureaucracy that would be necessary for specific self provision accounts. Just look at the bureaucracy engulfing super.



From the left of centre, ALP politicians Chris Evans and Craig Emerson proclaim the iniquity of higher taxes for those without children. Now call me old fashioned but if you want to get extra cash to families with children I reckon you’ve got to get it from people without children.



Still, as Evans and Emerson point out, amongst people without kids, those earning over $52,000 per year have received much larger tax cuts than those below.



These contributions from the left and right help highlight the need for vigilance in keeping family payments away from the wealthy.



We’ve increased churn and loosened targeting since 1988-89, not least in the 2000 tax package. (Back then churn was called ‘compensation for the GST’). In 2005 we extended childcare subsidies to the rich. By then we were already paying Family Tax Benefit B to 76 families earning over a million dollars a year and to nearly 40,000 families earning more than $100,000.



So, when they spot real problems, with workable solutions let’s pay attention to the critics of churning.



But let’s not churn the baby out with the bath-water. •



Nicholas Gruen is visiting fellow at ANU and Melbourne University and CEO of Lateral Economics and Peach Discount Mortgage Broking.



Photo: Kevin McNeill/ iStockphoto.com